Posted by dos.dos Issues with existing studies
Due to the fact dowry is actually legitimately prohibited inside the India and you will Bangladesh, some body constantly think twice to show right dowry amounts. The quality matter to the dowry from the Indian dataset requires in the community-centered dowry. Particularly, new Asia Peoples Invention Questionnaire asks “Fundamentally in your community to possess a household instance your, do you know the sort of issues that are provided since presents at the time of the newest daughter’s relationships?” A residential district-founded dowry isn’t the identical to an individual dowry, that’s repaid by the bride’s mothers in the course of matrimony. Rather, the question regarding dowry allows only a binary address, i.age., whether or not a positive number of dowry is actually paid (elizabeth.grams., Questionnaire towards the Standing of women and you can Fertility in Asia and you will Pakistan). A digital respond to, definitely, cannot give far much more information. Standard away from whether a positive dowry number is offered corresponds to, which can be mainly told me from the, cultural, spiritual, and you can caste backgrounds during the South China.
As the dowry is not legally prohibited during the Pakistan, extent privately paid back from the female respondent’s parents should be expected without booking from inside the a great Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Rural Family Survey. Although Pakistani interviewees will most likely not purposefully keep hidden true details about dowry means, the newest questionnaire could possibly get nonetheless consist of remember mistakes given that respondents need certainly to bear in mind this new dowry matter reduced by its moms and dads several years ago. Figure 1a plots the fresh predict quantity of real dowry values mentioned for the Pakistani Rupees for the 2004 to relationship seasons having fun with study off the brand new Pakistan Rural House Survey. Once the opinion is the fact actual dowry numbers is actually growing, or perhaps display a non-decreasing pattern, new figure implies the general desire out-of bear in mind mistakes. To put it differently, the brand new longer brand new gap involving the interviewees’ marriage plus the remember date, the much more likely he or she is to help you overestimate the dowry number.
Matchmaking between ladies’ ounts. The range shows the latest forecast actual quantity of dowry regressed on the women’s matrimony seasons. New shaded town shows 95% confidence interval of forecast level of dowry. The details resources of (a) and you will (b) is Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire 2004, in addition to rural domestic questionnaire presented by the journalist in the 2013, respectively
3 Studies
Towards the best of our very own degree, study amassed within study may be the very first to consider explicitly an over-all tendency to overestimate an amount repaid very long before. Just like the services out of in past times collected research, ours also are retrospective; but not, predicated on it desire, i for example implemented particular services to attenuate survey keep in mind problems. Particularly, we required the degree of one another community-built dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry number reduced in the course of brand new respondent’s wedding (retrospective). Because the Pakistani dowry include gold/precious jewelry, gowns, chairs, cooking utensils, and so on, i queried dowry amounts by the items. Whenever we felt a beneficial respondent’s overestimation of dowry amount, particularly in the scenario out-of a marriage you to definitely took place good long time ago, once the dowry brightwomen.net Kaynak try exhibited, we could and you can performed examine this type of number with people that attended this new service. Consequently, all of our investigation toward predict real quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t reveal people decreasing trend, conversely having those advertised within the Fig. 1a.
3.step one Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).